Science X Newsletter Thu, Mar 30

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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for March 30, 2023:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

An architecture that combines deep neural networks and vector-symbolic models

Predatory dinosaurs such as T. rex sported lizard-like lips, suggests study

Stressed plants emit airborne sounds that can be detected from more than a meter away

First real-time glimpse of nanoparticles self-assembling into crystals

New breast cancer susceptibility gene candidate identified

Astronomers observe X-ray binary XTE J1739−285 during recent outbursts

Fast radio bursts used as 'searchlights' to detect gas in Milky Way

Prototype taps into the sensing capabilities of any smartphone to screen for prediabetes

Monthly injections of fitusiran found to reduce bleeds in patients with hemophilia A and B

Young black rockfish affected by marine heat wave but not always for the worse, research shows

Take your eyes off your mobile phone, says inventor, 50 years on

Severe hepatitis outbreak linked to common childhood viruses

New nanoparticles can perform gene-editing in the lungs

Search for a major depression trigger reveals a familiar face: Discovery opens new possibilities for treatments

AI predicts enzyme function better than leading tools

Nanotechnology news

	First real-time glimpse of nanoparticles self-assembling into crystals For the first time ever, researchers have watched the mesmerizing process of nanoparticles self-assembling into solid materials. In the stunning new videos, particles rain down, tumble along stairsteps and slide around before finally snapping into place to form a crystal's signature stacked layers.
	New nanoparticles can perform gene-editing in the lungs Engineers at MIT and the University of Massachusetts Medical School have designed a new type of nanoparticle that can be administered to the lungs, where it can deliver messenger RNA encoding useful proteins.
	Researchers use tiny diamonds to create intracellular sensors Researchers have developed a new way to study the intricate dynamics within living cells by using optically trapped nanodiamond particles as intracellular sensors. Using custom built optical tweezers, the research team trapped the particles within the cell at low power while the cell was alive. The work represents an important advancement in quantum sensing, which takes advantage of quantum mechanics to analyze changes at the atomic level.
	Thermal paint: MXene spray coating can harness infrared radiation for heating or cooling An international team of researchers, led by Drexel University, has found that a thin coating of MXene—a type of two-dimensional nanomaterial discovered and studied at Drexel for more than a decade—could enhance a material's ability to trap or shed heat. The discovery, which is tied to MXene's ability to regulate the passage of ambient infrared radiation, could lead to advances in thermal clothing, heating elements and new materials for radiative heating and cooling.
	Researcher studies control of the radiative heat transfer in a pair of rotating nanostructures Hot bodies emit heat in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Lightbulbs and night vision cameras are examples of technologies based on this physical phenomenon. Our daily experience tells us that heat is always directed from hot bodies to colder ones.

Physics news

	Moiré superlattices show superpower in photonics and optoelectronics Researchers from the Institute of Physics (IOP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, collaborating with international colleagues, have presented an overview of recent progress in emerging moiré photonics and optoelectronics. It was published in Science on March 30.
	Can a solid be a superfluid? Engineering a novel supersolid state from layered 2D materials A collaboration of Australian and European physicists predict that layered electronic 2D semiconductors can host a curious quantum phase of matter called the "supersolid."
	Improving future electronic devices through oxide materials National University of Singapore (NUS) physicists have demonstrated a new way of controlling Rashba interactions in oxide systems. Tuning and controlling Rashba interactions is a particularly promising technology, as it can potentially be integrated directly into functional logic and memory devices.
	Ultrasmall swirling magnetic vortices detected in iron-containing material Microelectronics forms the foundation of much modern technology today, including smartphones, laptops and even supercomputers. It is based on the ability to allow and stop the flow of electrons through a material. Spin electronics, or spintronics, is a spinoff. It is based on the spin of electrons, and the fact that the electron spin along with the electric charge creates a magnetic field.
	Exploiting dark autoionizing states for enhancing extreme ultraviolet lasers An international research team led by Professors Tsuneyuki Ozaki and François Légaré at the Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), has developed a unique method to enhance the power of a laser source emitting extreme ultraviolet light pulses. The underlying mechanism of the newly observed phenomenon involves the unique role of dark-autoionizing states through coupling with other pertinent electronic states.
	Controlling turbulent heat transport by manipulating coherent structures This topic is reviewed by Prof. Ke-Qing Xia (Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China) and his collaborators, mainly based on their research work over the past ten years.

Earth news

	Study: Sea-level rise is double-edged sword for carbon storage Coastal ecosystems are a natural storehouse for carbon, with policymakers looking to bays, marshes, and seaside forests as nature-based solutions to help combat climate change. But the capacity of these ecosystems to take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere depends on diverse and often conflicting factors, including sediment supply, coastal slope, tidal range, wave climate, and changes in sea level.
	Earthquake in Turkey was a doublet: First quake triggered second in neighboring fault ETH Zurich researcher Luca Dal Zilio offers an insightful summary of the recent earthquakes in Turkey and Syria, shedding light on the complex nature of this event. He discusses the lessons that can be drawn from it to better understand and prepare for future seismic occurrences in the region.
	Ancient forests, seaways, and climate: Lessons from Miocene for today's world Widespread forests once played a significant role in warming the climate during the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO), while open Panama and Tethys Seaways served as "shortcuts" for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).
	New method of monitoring shore ice could improve public safety Specialized portable radar could serve as an early warning system to reduce risk for humans working on shorefast sea ice, according to a recently published study.
	Australian parliament approves emissions caps on big polluters Australia's parliament passed breakthrough climate laws targeting the nation's worst polluters on Thursday, forcing coal mines and oil refineries to curb emissions by about five percent each year.
	'Too comfortable in our own comfort': Expert on why we shouldn't waste water It's common knowledge that reducing our carbon footprint is important, but what about our water footprint?
	Lawsuit jeopardizes use of crucial wildfire retardant, US Forest Service claims For most Californians, the sight of aircraft spewing neon pink liquid over flaming trees and brush has become a hallmark of aggressive wildfire suppression campaigns—if not a potent symbol of government's struggle to control increasingly destructive forest fires.
	Viewpoint: Climate change is accelerating, and the UK government is 'strikingly unprepared' Read successive progress reports by the Climate Change Committee (CCC), the UK government's statutory advisor on climate change, and you sense the growing frustration. Over the years, the CCC's assessments of the government's response to the climate crisis have become more critical, its recommendations more explicit and the tone more direct.
	Australia will have a carbon price for industry, and it may infuse greater climate action across the economy Australia is about to take a big, constructive step on climate change policy: we will have a carbon price for the industry sector, under the safeguard mechanism.

Astronomy and Space news

	Astronomers observe X-ray binary XTE J1739−285 during recent outbursts Using AstroSat and NuSTAR space telescopes, astronomers have observed an X-ray binary known as XTE J1739−285 during its recent period of bursting activity. Results of the observational campaign, published March 23 on the arXiv pre-print server, yield crucial insights into the behavior of this system.
	Fast radio bursts used as 'searchlights' to detect gas in Milky Way University of Toronto researcher Amanda Cook has found a way to use bright signals coming from across the universe to weigh the atmosphere of the Milky Way galaxy.
	The asteroid Didymos may be spinning so fast it is flinging off rubble A team of planetary scientists at Universidad de Alicante, in Spain, has found that the asteroid Didymos may be spinning so fast that it is flinging off rubble from near its equator. In their paper published in the journal Icarus, the group describes their study of the asteroid and explain why its behavior may have an impact on the way that other space objects are studied.
	New Mars research review tells story of the red planet's atmosphere evolution Mars is one of the most studied planets in our solar system, second only to Earth. Signs point to the red planet once existing as a habitable world like our own, mustering intense fascination from scientists to understand the history of Mars' environment and how it came to its present state. For the first time, Mason's Dr. Erdal Yiğit, associate professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy pulled these studies together in a single review to reveal Martian whole atmosphere couplings and interactions.
	Hubble finds Saturn's rings heating its atmosphere The secret has been hiding in plain view for 40 years. But it took the insight of a veteran astronomer to pull it all together within a year, using observations of Saturn from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and retired Cassini probe, in addition to the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft and the retired International Ultraviolet Explorer mission.
	The first JWST spectrum of the GRB 221009A afterglow Gamma-ray bursts are the most energetic and luminous events known to occur in the Universe. Short-lived flashes of gamma rays that typically last from a a tenth of a second to less than an hour, gamma-ray bursts may for a brief period of time outshine entire galaxies. The explosions are believed to be caused by the collapse of massive stars, the collision of neutron stars, or the merging of a neutron star and a black hole.
	First successful simulations of how galaxy shapes are formed Standard cosmology can answer almost nothing about how the structure of a galaxy is formed. Why the visible matters of a disk galaxy are distributed in a thin plane as opposed to how dark matter occurs in a spherical distribution is a critical open question. In a paper recently published in Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences, Dr. Nagao offers a promising theory of galaxy formation. Simulations by the Energy Circulation Theory, which are characterized by the force working on momentums, produced galaxy shapes such as disk, double–disk with or without spiral arms, ring, barred ring, and barred arm galaxies as well as bulge and bar–bulge forms.
	Shedding light on the sun As questions abound about the Earth's closest star, scientists are seeking answers critical to forecasting solar flares that threaten satellites and other electronics.

Technology news

	An architecture that combines deep neural networks and vector-symbolic models Researchers at IBM Research Zürich and ETH Zürich have recently created a new architecture that combines two of the most renowned artificial intelligence approaches, namely deep neural networks and vector-symbolic models. Their architecture, presented in Nature Machine Intelligence, could overcome the limitations of both these approaches, solving progressive matrices and other reasoning tasks more effectively.
	Take your eyes off your mobile phone, says inventor, 50 years on The problem with mobile phones is that people look at them too much. At least, that's according to the man who invented them 50 years ago.
	Across the divide: Manufacturing better batteries Next generation lithium-based batteries provide a key component of the global strategy to meet decarbonization goals in transportation and beyond. We know lithium-based batteries provide high energy density. But there's an elephant in the room. How will manufacturers not only meet greatly increased demand for more batteries for electric vehicles, but also produce advanced Li-ion and future batteries?
	Thread-like pumps can be woven into clothes Many fluid-based wearable assistive technologies today require a large and noisy pump that is impractical—if not impossible—to integrate into clothing. This leads to a contradiction: wearable devices are routinely tethered to un-wearable pumps. Now, researchers at the Soft Transducers Laboratory (LMTS) in the School of Engineering have developed an elegantly simple solution to this dilemma.
	Researchers find way to extract more water from air using a metal-organic framework Chemists and engineers find innovative ways to access water—including by pulling it out of thin air. Now, University of Chicago researchers found a way to extract even more water.
	Inexpensive and environmentally friendly mechanochemical recycling process recovers 70% of lithium from batteries A recycling method developed by Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) recovers up to 70% of lithium from battery waste without corrosive chemicals, high temperatures, and prior sorting of materials being required. The method combines mechanical processes with chemical reactions and enables inexpensive, energy-efficient, and environmentally compatible recycling of any type of lithium-ion battery. The results are reported in Communications Chemistry.
	Making the Internet of Things more secure With wearable fitness trackers, car key fobs and smart home devices, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become ubiquitous in our lives. Unfortunately, much of this flow of information is vulnerable to malicious activity and attacks, as securing the IoT has not kept pace with new technological advances.
	A method for designing neural networks optimally suited for certain tasks Neural networks, a type of machine-learning model, are being used to help humans complete a wide variety of tasks, from predicting if someone's credit score is high enough to qualify for a loan to diagnosing whether a patient has a certain disease. But researchers still have only a limited understanding of how these models work. Whether a given model is optimal for certain task remains an open question.
	Canada revs up its EV batteries manufacturing As the world accelerates toward emissions-free driving, Canada is making a big push into batteries for electric vehicles—touting tax incentives, bountiful critical minerals and clean energy to attract multinationals.
	'Dumbphone' fans disconnect in face of smartphone dominance Shunning his smartphone for a "dumb" one changed the way Jose Briones engages with the world—and he likes it that way.
	Musk's AI letter is a 'hot mess' of hype, say critics A letter signed by Elon Musk and hundreds of experts calling for a pause in the development of artificial intelligence is a "hot mess" of "AI hype" that even misrepresents an academic paper, critics say.
	EU deal to nearly double renewable energy by 2030 The European Union reached a deal Thursday to almost double the share of renewables in the 27-nation bloc's energy consumption by 2030 amid efforts to become carbon neutral and ditch Russian fossil fuels.
	Study shows airport energy savings in surprising places, including how you find your way around As you walk through the airport's glass doors, your phone buzzes. You open the camera, hold it in front of you, and spin a slow 360 degrees. When you look at your phone screen, bright, translucent arrows overlay the ground in front of you, guiding you through the revolving doors and pointing you to the airport's security checkpoint. As you move through the terminal, the digital arrows steer you down a corridor, onto a train, up an escalator, and finally to your gate, where your plane is almost ready to board.
	Green composite material made from flax and chitosan Composite materials provide stability in aircraft parts, sports equipment, and everyday household items. However, most of these materials have a poor carbon footprint and are not naturally degradable. A more sustainable alternative has been developed by a team from the University of Stuttgart led by Dr. Linus Stegbauer from the Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP). This completely bio-based composite material is made of flax fibers and the biopolymer chitosan. The study is published in the journal Composites Science and Technology.
	Airplanes face a growing risk of being hit by uncontrolled re-entries of rockets used to launch satellites On May 11, 2020, a deadly threat flew from Los Angeles to New York City in under nine minutes. It was a 20-ton Chinese Long March 5B rocket body passing around 60 miles overhead.
	How low-paid workers in Madagascar power French tech's AI ambitions A January 2023 investigation by Time magazine revealed that Kenyan workers paid less than US$2 an hour were given the job of trying to ensure that the data used to train the AI platform ChatGPT was free from discriminatory content.
	A numerical algorithm to study continuous ice-breaking Global warming has put a significant strain on resources, and hence, economic opportunities, military considerations, and trade. The development of Arctic shipping routes is necessary to compensate for these changes, and so, has garnered much interest recently. One of the fundamental requirements of a vessel navigating the polar seas is its ability to predict ice resistance.
	Tweeters, and celebs, await 'blue tick' ultimatum All eyes are on whether Elon Musk will go through with stripping blue checkmarks from celebrities and other high-profile Twitter users starting April 1 unless they pay for the privilege.
	AI generator Midjourney pauses service over deepfake 'abuse' Research laboratory Midjourney has paused free trials of its image-generation software after users cranked out realistic deepfakes including of former US president Donald Trump getting arrested and Pope Francis in a puffer jacket.
	Meta vows EU privacy tweak after massive fine Facebook owner Meta said on Thursday it would tweak how it collects data on users in Europe after it got fined for failing to ask for proper permission.
	Report: Chinese state-sponsored hacking group highly active A Chinese hacking group that is likely state-sponsored and has been linked previously to attacks on U.S. state government computers is still "highly active" and is focusing on a broad range of targets that may be of strategic interest to China's government and security services, a private American cybersecurity firm said in a new report Thursday.
	Biocompatible zinc batteries with Zn-alginate polymer electrolyte Implantable and wearable electronics have opened an array of opportunities for controlling disease conditions and health monitoring, but the unceasing battery-induced safety poses a formidable barrier to application, especially for biomedical devices.
	Musk overtakes Obama as most followed Twitter account Elon Musk has surpassed former US president Barack Obama as the most followed account on Twitter, five months after he bought the platform in a tumultuous takeover.
	Tech sector H-1B employees' spouses can work in US, judge says Big technology companies won a major court victory in Washington, where a judge dismissed a suit challenging the rights of highly skilled H-1B visa holders' spouses to work in the U.S.
	Hole diameter variation compensation realized by integrating computation geometry for helical milling Modern, high-performance aircraft are manufactured with stacks of composite and metal, making fastener holes more difficult. Helical milling is an advanced machining process to improve the quality of hole-making. In helical milling, hole diameter error should be controlled for better fastener-hole fitting performance and longer tool life.
	Anti-interference and detail enhancement dehazing network for real-world scenes The haze phenomenon seriously interferes the image acquisition and reduces the image quality. Due to many uncertain factors, dehazing is typically a challenge in image processing. The existing deep learning-based dehazing approaches apply atmospheric scattering model (ASM), which originally comes from traditional dehazing methods.
	How a Georgia plant is helping solve a huge EV supply chain kink In a reused half-century-old factory about an hour east of Atlanta, a Massachusetts company is on the front lines of expanding the American electric vehicle supply chain. And it all starts with recycling.

Chemistry news

	An improved, visible light-harvesting catalyst to speed up reactions Photocatalysis is the use of light to accelerate the rate of a reaction in the presence of a photocatalyst. The catalyst plays a crucial role in this process—it absorbs the light being shined onto it and makes it available in ways that can help accelerate the chemical reaction and also enhance it. These catalysts are used for a variety of light-dependent reactions ranging from the production of paper to the conversion of carbon dioxide to fuel.
	Energy-efficient and customizable inorganic membranes for a cleaner future A breakthrough in synthesis strategy enables the facile formulation of inorganic membranes that are not just energy-efficient but also highly customizable, potentially revolutionizing the way many industries operate for greater sustainability.
	Low concentration CO2 can be reused in biodegradable plastic precursor using artificial photosynthesis Osaka Metropolitan University scientists have developed a process using artificial photosynthesis to successfully convert more than 60% of waste acetone into 3-hydroxybutyrate, a material used to manufacture biodegradable plastic. The results were obtained using low-concentration CO2, equivalent to exhaust gas, and powered by light equivalent to sunlight for 24 hours.
	A paper-based sensor to detect pesticides in food quickly and cheaply Researchers at the University of São Paulo (USP) in Brazil have developed a kraft paper-based electrochemical sensor that can detect traces of pesticides in fruit and vegetables in real time when coupled to an electronic device. In an apple or cabbage, for example, it can detect carbendazim, a fungicide widely used in Brazil despite being banned.
	Breaking the barrier: Low-temp ammonia synthesis with iron catalysts and barium hydride The Haber-Bosch (HB) process is one of the most important industrial chemical reactions. It combines nitrogen and hydrogen gases in the presence of an iron-based catalyst at high temperatures and pressures to produce ammonia fertilizer which helps provide food for over five billion people.
	Revealing the pattern between frontal polymerization and natural convection A self-propagating chemical reaction can transform a liquid monomer into a solid polymer, and the interaction between the propagating front and the reaction's natural convection leads to patterns in the resulting solid polymeric material. New University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign work has shown how the coupling between natural convection and frontal polymerization leads to those observed patterns.
	Novel nano-optical technology tracks communications in living cells Microbes may be among the smallest living things on Earth, but bioimaging to understand the chemistry that fuels these organisms could reveal important clues about the intricacies of gene function and the health of the planet. Because of this, scientists have long sought ways to eavesdrop on conversations between living microbes in their environment.
	Newly discovered trigger for major depression opens new possibilities for treatments A common amino acid, glycine, can deliver a "slow-down" signal to the brain, likely contributing to major depression, anxiety and other mood disorders in some people, scientists at the Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology have found.
	Review: Iridium-based catalysts look set to boost efficiency of green hydrogen production Hydrogen production powered by wind and solar energy is still too expensive if it is to play a role in the clean transition via energy storage and to help decarbonize hard-to-electrify sectors. Much effort in reducing its cost focuses on enhancing production efficiency by improving the performance of iridium-based catalysts that can speed up the oxygen-related part of the electrochemical reaction involved in splitting water into its component parts, hydrogen and oxygen.
	Removing cancer-causing heavy metals from wastewater with photocatalysts Toxic heavy metals found in wastewater have health and safety ramifications for communities affected by pollution. Hexavalent chromium is a dangerous, cancer-causing byproduct of industrial processes that is known to cause birth defects, severe diarrhea, and is linked to kidney, bladder, and liver cancers. Famously, it was the center of the lawsuit dramatized in the film "Erin Brockovich."
	Using operando Raman spectroscopy to investigate converting carbon dioxide to ethanol on Ag nanowires In a study, published in the journal Science China Chemistry and led by Prof. Pingping Fang (School of Chemistry, Zhejiang University) and Prof. Jianfeng Li (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University), experiments were performed by using an Xplora Raman spectrometer with a 50x microscope objective and an excitation wavelength of 638 nm from a He–Ne laser.

Biology news

	Predatory dinosaurs such as T. rex sported lizard-like lips, suggests study A new study suggests that predatory dinosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus rex, did not have permanently exposed teeth as depicted in films such as Jurassic Park, but instead had scaly, lizard-like lips covering and sealing their mouths.
	Stressed plants emit airborne sounds that can be detected from more than a meter away What does a stressed plant sound like? A bit like bubble-wrap being popped. Researchers in Israel report in the journal Cell on March 30 that tomato and tobacco plants that are stressed—from dehydration or having their stems severed—emit sounds that are comparable in volume to normal human conversation. The frequency of these noises is too high for our ears to detect, but they can probably be heard by insects, other mammals, and possibly other plants.
	Young black rockfish affected by marine heat wave but not always for the worse, research shows Larvae produced by black rockfish, a linchpin of the West Coast commercial fishing industry for the past eight decades, fared better during two recent years of unusually high ocean temperatures than had been feared, new research by Oregon State University shows.
	AI predicts enzyme function better than leading tools A new artificial intelligence tool can predict the functions of enzymes based on their amino acid sequences, even when the enzymes are unstudied or poorly understood. The researchers said the AI tool, dubbed CLEAN, outperforms the leading state-of-the-art tools in accuracy, reliability and sensitivity. Better understanding of enzymes and their functions would be a boon for research in genomics, chemistry, industrial materials, medicine, pharmaceuticals and more.
	Mice play virtual reality games to reveal how memories are selected for long-term storage Neuroscientists watched the brains of mice as they played virtual reality games to elucidate how memory goes from its initial formation in the hippocampus to longer-term storage in the cortex. Reporting in the journal Cell on March 30, they found that the anterior thalamus—a brain region not classically involved in models of memory consolidation—is one essential stopover site where memories are processed and stabilized. By stimulating the anterior thalamus of mice while they were learning a virtual reality maze, the team was able to help mice retain memories that they would usually forget after a few weeks.
	Structure of 'oil-eating' enzyme opens door to bioengineered catalysts Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have produced the first atomic-level structure of an enzyme that selectively cuts carbon-hydrogen bonds—the first and most challenging step in turning simple hydrocarbons into more useful chemicals. As described in a paper just published in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, the detailed atomic level "blueprint" suggests ways to engineer the enzyme to produce desired products.
	Shining a light on the mechanics of embryo development In 1922, French physicist Léon Brillouin predicted an interesting phenomenon—when light is shone on a material, it interacts with the naturally occurring thermal vibrations within it, exchanging some energy in the process. This, in turn, influences how the light is scattered. By measuring the spectrum (color) of the scattered light, we can deduce certain physical characteristics of that material.
	How to climate-proof the Ethiopian breadbasket? Combine genomics and farmer knowledge Ethiopia is one of Africa's major wheat producing countries. But it might surprise you to learn that conventional bread wheat (Triticum aestivum, the most common species produced worldwide) only entered the country in the 1940s. For the previous 5,000 years, Ethiopian agriculture had counted on a myriad of durum wheat varieties (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum, the closely related species ideal for making pasta), which are still consumed in many ways.
	Symbiotic yeast helps longicorn beetles eat wood Even for insects, wood is a tough food source as it contains hard substances such as cellulose. To help make wood more palatable, some wood-feeding insects are assisted by symbiotic microorganisms that break down the components of wood into an edible form.
	New RNA-based toolkit to regulate gene activity could advance regenerative medicine, gene therapy and biotechnology The Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), in collaboration with Astellas Pharma Inc., has developed a new toolkit that uses small molecules to control the activity of a piece of synthetic RNA, and ultimately regulate gene expression. The technology, which was described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society on March 30, 2023, worked in mammalian cell cultures and in mice.
	Uncovering key mechanism for differentiating human pluripotent stem cells The process of cellular differentiation, in which human pluripotent stem cells (hPCSs) progress from primitive to developmentally advanced states, is a fundamental aspect of life. Understanding this process not only sheds light on the basic principles of life but also holds great promise for the development of therapies for diverse diseases. The core differentiation mechanism was recently identified by researchers from POSTECH and the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB).
	Flow cytometry tool improves methods to rapidly analyze human, plant, fungal and bacterial metabolism A new platform established by researchers at the Single-Cell Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (QIBEBT/CAS) improves accuracy, throughput, and stability in profiling dynamic metabolic features of cells—the basic building blocks of all life forms on Earth.
	Research predicts the biodiversity gain in reintroduced native oysters to double in a decade New research from Heriot-Watt University in partnership with The Glenmorangie Distillery and the Marine Conservation Society has, for the first time, predicted the biodiversity gain of reintroducing European native oysters (Ostrea edulis).
	Study investigates effects of isoeugenol on fish Isoeugenol is a fragrance contained in plants that is very commonly used as an anesthetic in fish farming facilities and aquaculture. A research team at the Department of Animal Physiology at the University of Bayreuth has now investigated the mode of action of isoeugenol in fish.
	Key mechanism that controls human heart development discovered Writing in Science Advances researchers of the University of Cologne describe a key mechanism that controls the decision-making process that allows human embryonic stem cells to make the heart. These discoveries enable better insights into how the human heart forms in an embryo and what can go wrong during heart formation, causing cardiac disease or, in the worst case, embryo termination.
	New research using fossils of whale ancestors reveals their path to becoming Earth's largest mammals Modern cetaceans—whales and dolphins—have one of the largest size ranges of any living animal group, ranging from as small as 1.5 meters long to as much as 30. However, a new study reveals this diversity came much later in their evolution than expected.
	How plants cope with the cold light of day, and why it matters for future crops On bright chilly mornings you can either snuggle down under the duvet or leap up and seize the day.
	Some female spiders pretend to be dead so potential male sexual partners won't fear being eaten A team of bio-scientists affiliated with several institutions in China, working with a colleague from Australia, has found that the females of some species of funnel spiders play dead to attract male sexual partners. In their study, reported in the journal Current Zoology, the group collected several specimens of Aterigena aculeata and tested their behavior in the lab.
	Hagfish slime found to be much more effective at blocking pores than thickening agents A team of biologists and engineers at Chapman University, working with colleagues from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and the University of Guelph, has found that slime produced by hagfish has far more clogging power than other types of thickening agents. The work is published in the Journal of The Royal Society Interface.
	Same protein, different shape explains protein's effectiveness against bacteria Shigella bacteria can infect humans but not mice. In the March 29 issue of Nature, a team from UConn Health explains why. Their findings may explain the multifariousness of a key weapon of our immune system.
	Team uncovers new details of SARS-CoV-2 structure A new study led by Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) brings into sharper focus the structural details of the COVID-19 virus, revealing an elliptical shape that "breathes," or changes shape, as it moves in the body. The discovery, which could lead to new antiviral therapies for the disease and quicker development of vaccines, is featured in the journal Structure.
	Study reveals that bats experience hearing loss in old age Many mammals suffer hearing loss in old age, but bats were thought to be immune to this phenomenon because of the importance of hearing for echolocation. However, researchers in Israel have discovered that bats lose their hearing in old age just like humans do. Yet the study, published in the journal Life Science Alliance, suggests that, because they roost in extremely noisy colonies that would quickly damage the hearing of humans and other mammals, bats may have evolved some innate ability to limit this age-associated hearing loss.
	'Exquisite' sabretooth skull offers clues about Ice Age predator The recent discovery of a sabretooth cat skull in southwest Iowa is the first evidence the prehistoric predator once inhabited the state.
	Researchers discover gene variants in wheat and barley that improve nitrogen utilization Nitrogen as a fertilizer can increase yields. However, too much nitrogen can also have negative effects, such as groundwater pollution, high energy consumption in fertilizer production and the generation of climate-relevant gases. Science is therefore looking for ways to help crops thrive with less nitrogen.
	Researchers solve the cell structure responsible for traveler's diarrhea According to the World Health Organization, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) bacteria cause the largest number of recorded community-acquired cases of childhood diarrhea in the developing world and is the most common culprit in traveler's diarrhea. While in healthy adults this is merely an unpleasant inconvenience, in infants and young children this can lead to chronic malnutrition, stunted growth and impaired cognitive function.
	Environment: Honey bees provide a snapshot of city landscape and health Urban honey bees could be used to gain insight into the microbiome of the cities in which they forage, which can potentially provide information on both hive and human health, reports a study published in Environmental Microbiome.
	Lynx reintroduction in Scotland? It's complicated Plans to reintroduce the lynx in Scotland provoke a complex range of opinions, new research shows.
	How Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase specifically removes H2AK119 ubiquitination on nucleosome Chinese scientists reported the first high-resolution cryo-EM structure of human Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase (PR-DUB) complex bound to the chromatosome particle with mono-ubiquitinated H2AK119 (H2AK119ub1), revealing the mechanism by which PR-DUB specifically removes H2AK119ub1 in the context of nucleosome or chromatosome.
	Fishing line and plastic endangering young dolphins A leading Perth dolphin researcher is urging fishers to be extra vigilant with the proper disposal of fishing lines and hooks after seeing several of the marine mammals in Cockburn Sound caught up in discarded line. Dr. Delphine Chabanne, from Murdoch University's Harry Butler Institute, said she saw two young bottlenose dolphins within about eight months that had line wrapped tightly around their bodies. Others had been seen caught in line in previous years.
	New approach can help counter antibiotic resistance EPFL scientists are developing a new approach that can help stem the tide of antibiotic resistance. "Antibiotic-resistant infections are responsible for over one million deaths every year, including 250,000 children under the age of five," says Prof. Alexandre Persat, the head of EPFL's Microbial Mechanics Lab.
	Teams identifies protein characteristics in three bacteria that convey antibiotic resistance Antibiotic resistance (ARE) is a threat to human health worldwide, as diverse proteins allow pathogenic bacteria to develop increasing levels of resistance to antibiotic medicines. Now, a team from the University of Tsukuba have discovered the characteristics of certain proteins known as ARE-ABCFs from three different bacteria, providing insights into their function and role that, with other resistance mechanisms, convey very powerful combined resistance.
	Researchers reveal structural basis of plp2-mediated cytoskeletal protein folding by TRiC/CCT In a study published in Science Advances, Dr. Cong Yao's team from the Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, reported a complete picture of TRiC-assisted tubulin/actin folding along TRiC ATPase cycle under the coordination of co-chaperone plp2 through cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis.
	Bees can help prove avocado crops are free of a pathogen that could be a barrier to Australia's exports Researchers at The University of Queensland and CSIRO, Australia's national science agency, have shown bees can help prove Australia's valuable avocado crop is free of a pathogen that could be a barrier to exports. The findings are published in the journal Phytopathology.
	Asian swamp eels spread in the Everglades: 'Potentially the worst species we've had yet' For a crayfish in the Florida Everglades, its worst nightmare is three feet long, dark brown and pure muscle, with a mouth like a vacuum that sucks up nearly everything it can find—tiny fish, small shellfish, turtle eggs and frogs.
	DNA testing finds endangered eels on the menu DNA testing has confirmed widespread—and probably illegal—international trading of critically endangered European eels.
	Scientists collect samples from Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt during unprecedented bloom Scientists aboard a U.S. research vessel in the tropical Atlantic are taking advantage of the ship's long-planned path through the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt to take some of the first samples from a massive, ongoing bloom. Photos and video from the ship show the algae mats on the surface of the eastern Atlantic in the belt that extends from west Africa to the Gulf of Mexico.
	Changes in dominance of plant species with high stoichiometric plasticity exacerbate nitrogen–phosphorus imbalance In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are major nutrients limiting the increase in primary productivity. The imbalance of N and P input may result in a series of ecological results.
	White-tailed deer blood shown to kill bacteria that causes Lyme disease As tick season kicks in across the country, the executive director of the University of Massachusetts Amherst-based New England Center of Excellence in Vector-Borne Diseases (NEWVEC) and his team have completed research that offers a promising lead in the fight against Lyme disease.
	Fruit in crisis: Florida's orange groves buffeted by hurricane, disease Vernon Hollingsworth grew up in Florida among his family's orange trees, recently ravaged by a double whammy of disease and a hurricane that have sent juice prices spiraling and left farmers blinking in disbelief.
	It's a bad year for California salmon. Here's how it hurts the economy and environment State officials were supposed to take a conservative approach to approving salmon fishing season this year—and they did.
	New report recommends solutions to reduce crop loss in Tanzania Research from the Institute for Sustainable Food at the University of Sheffield has investigated the reasons for post-harvest loss of crops produced in the Morogoro region of Tanzania.
	Foal bred by surrogacy highlights lab's expertise Ellie is an 11-year-old chestnut mare with a fetching white stripe on her face, and she's about as loved as any horse could be.
	Whether you're a snorkeler or CEO, you can help save our vital kelp forests What if we told you the world has forests harboring creatures with three hearts and where the canopy can grow by a foot a day? What if we told you it was silently disappearing? What if we told you we now have the chance to bring it back?
	Toward a tastier tomato: Recovering the lost STP1 variant in modern tomato to improve soluble solid in fruit In a study recently published in the journal Horticulture Research, researchers performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for SSC of the red-ripe fruits in a population consisting of 481 tomato accessions with large natural variations and found a new quantitative trait locus, STP1, encoding a Sugar Transporter Protein.
	The current status and future trends of forest understory vegetation A review published in the journal Forestry Research focuses on understory vegetation biodiversity, regeneration, biomass, nutrient content and storage, carbon and nitrogen relationships, functional traits, litter decomposition, and interactions with overstory trees. It also covers the ecological effects of understory vegetation on soil chemistry, soil microbial communities, and soil and water conservation.
Manatee winter deaths in Florida's Brevard County plunge—which could portend trouble The winter killing season for manatees along Central Florida's Atlantic coast is winding down with an astounding turn of events—a tiny fraction of the animals died compared to during the last two years.
	Surprise finding shows that neutrophils can be key antitumor weapons White blood cells called neutrophils have an unappreciated role in eradicating solid tumors, according to a surprise discovery from a team led by Weill Cornell Medicine scientists.

Medicine and Health news

	New breast cancer susceptibility gene candidate identified A paper published in the American Journal of Human Genetics proposes ATRIP gene variants as a breast cancer susceptibility gene candidate based on a study of women without any of the known breast cancer-associated gene variants.
	Prototype taps into the sensing capabilities of any smartphone to screen for prediabetes According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, one out of every three adults in the United States has prediabetes, a condition marked by elevated blood sugar levels that could lead to the development of type 2 diabetes. The good news is that if it is detected early, prediabetes can be reversed through lifestyle changes such as improved diet and exercise. The bad news? Eight out of 10 Americans with prediabetes don't know that they have it, putting them at increased risk of developing diabetes as well as disease complications that include heart disease, kidney failure and vision loss.
	Monthly injections of fitusiran found to reduce bleeds in patients with hemophilia A and B Monthly prophylactic injections of fitusiran are effective in reducing bleeds in patients with hemophilia A or B, according to randomized controlled trials publishing simultaneously in The Lancet and The Lancet Haematology journals.
	Severe hepatitis outbreak linked to common childhood viruses A new UC San Francisco-led study brings scientists closer to understanding the causes of a mysterious rash of cases of acute severe hepatitis that began appearing in otherwise healthy children after COVID-19 lockdowns eased in the United States and 34 other countries in the spring of 2022.
	Search for a major depression trigger reveals a familiar face: Discovery opens new possibilities for treatments A common amino acid, glycine, can deliver a "slow-down" signal to the brain, likely contributing to major depression, anxiety and other mood disorders in some people, scientists at The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology report online in the journal Science today.
	Genome analysis just got personal Life on Earth comes in a beautiful assortment of different shapes, sizes and colors, thanks to genetic mutations. Some mutations are beneficial, some are perilous, and some don't do much of anything. Every person has around 4.5 million genetic variations. But are those variants helpful or hurtful? Geneticists have been trying to find the answer for half a century. Their biggest obstacle nowadays? Standard human genome sequence reference data.
	Buprenorphine initiation in the ER found safe and effective for individuals with opioid use disorder who use fentanyl Results from a multi-site clinical trial supported by the National Institutes of Health showed that less than 1% of people with opioid use disorder whose drug use includes fentanyl experienced withdrawal when starting buprenorphine in the emergency department. The findings, which appeared today in JAMA Network Open, are strong evidence that buprenorphine, a medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat opioid use disorder, can be safely started in the emergency department without triggering withdrawal, even for people who use stronger opioids. Clinician concern over this type of withdrawal can be a barrier to using this treatment.
	Allies or enemies of cancer: The dual fate of neutrophils Why do cancer immunotherapies work so extraordinarily well in a minority of patients, but fail in so many others? By analyzing the role of neutrophils, immune cells whose presence usually signals treatment failure, scientists from the University of Geneva (UNIGE), from Harvard Medical School, and from Ludwig Cancer Center have discovered that there is not just one type of neutrophil, but several. Depending on certain markers on their surface, these cells can either promote the growth of tumors, or fight them and ensure the success of a treatment. By boosting the appropriate factors, neutrophils could become great agents of anti-tumor immunity and reinforce the effects of current immunotherapies. These results have been published in the journal Cell.
	Fluid flow in the brain can be manipulated by sensory stimulation Researchers at Boston University, U.S. report that the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain is linked to waking brain activity. Led by Stephanie Williams, and publishing in the open access journal PLOS Biology on March 30, the study demonstrates that manipulating blood flow in the brain with visual stimulation induces complementary fluid flow. The findings could impact treatment for conditions like Alzheimer's disease, which have been associated with declines in cerebrospinal fluid flow.
	Increasing availability of non-alcoholic drinks may reduce amount of alcohol purchased online Increasing the proportion of non-alcoholic drinks on sale in online supermarkets could reduce the amount of alcohol people purchase, suggests a study published today led by researchers at the University of Cambridge.
	Novel drug shows promise for alleviating both heart failure and the sleep apnea associated with it A novel drug is showing promise for alleviating heart failure, a common condition associated with sleep apnea and a reduced lifespan. The drug, known as AF-130, was tested in an animal model at Waipapa Taumata Rau, the University of Auckland where researchers found it improved the heart's ability to pump, but, equally important, prevented sleep apnea, which itself reduces lifespan. The work is published in the journal Nature Communications.
	New immunotherapy delivery approach safe and beneficial for some melanoma patients with leptomeningeal disease A novel approach to administer intrathecal (IT) immunotherapy (directly into the spinal fluid) and intravenous (IV) immunotherapy was safe and improved survival in a subset of patients with leptomeningeal disease (LMD) from metastatic melanoma, according to interim analyses of a Phase I/Ib trial led by researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
	Validation of a therapy that overcomes chemotherapy resistance in colon and rectal cancer A multidisciplinary team made up of doctors and scientists from the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM-Hospital del Mar) and the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) has led a study, recently published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, that proposes a therapeutic approach for preventing the development of resistance to chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, one of the standard treatments for colon and rectal cancer. The work, which also involved doctors from the Pathological Anatomy and Medical Oncology departments at Hospital del Mar, as well as researchers from the University of Oviedo and the CIBER on Cancer (CIBERONC), is another step toward personalizing the therapeutic approach to cancer.
	Study reveals a driver of brain cell damage in neurodegeneration Scientists have long known that the complement cascade, a set of immune system proteins, protects against infection in the body. But in recent years, researchers have uncovered new roles for the system in the brain, including helping to whittle down connections between brain cells, or synapses, to help shape the nervous system early in life. They've also found that the pathway can become dysregulated in the adult brain, leading to cell damage and cell death seen in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. But researchers didn't know how exactly that happens.
	Machine learning models rank predictive risks for Alzheimer's disease Once adults reach age 65, the threshold age for the onset of Alzheimer's disease, the extent of their genetic risk may outweigh age as a predictor of whether they will develop the fatal brain disorder, a new study suggests.
	The role of lipids in blood cancer: New insights into uncharted territory Cells contain diverse populations of molecules called lipids, which are organic fatty compounds. Lipid metabolism, the synthesis and breakdown of these lipids, plays a key role in regulating the composition and functions of cells and cell membranes. An enzyme known as ELOVL6 elongates chains of fatty acids and is important in several cellular metabolic processes. However, the relationship between lipid metabolism and blood development and disorders is an area of research with minimal activity so far.
	New circuit model offers insights into brain function The thalamus and thalamic reticular nucleus are situated at the heart of the mammalian brain and are known to play a key role in a wide range of functions, including the transmission of sensory information to the cortex and the transition between brain states such as sleep and wakefulness.
	Pulsating blood vessels wash your brain while you sleep The word "brainwashing" usually triggers negative associations. But our brain health for sure depends on it. Scientists at the University of Oslo have recently made new and important discoveries about how and why this happens when we are sleeping.
	Study shows autism may be linked to different perceptions of movement in infancy A new study from researchers at Uppsala University and Karolinska Institutet shows that children who go on to develop symptoms of autism have different activity in their brain's visual cortex from as early as five months when looking at certain types of movement. This finding may indicate that autistic people perceive their surroundings in a different way even from a very young age, which could affect their development and learning.
	Research shows minimally invasive procedure saves most patients with severe vascular disease from amputation A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine has shown that there may finally be an alternative to amputation for patients suffering from chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), the most severe form of peripheral artery disease.
	Study discovers T cells in human blood secrete a substance that affects blood pressure and inflammation Acetylcholine regulates blood flow, but the source of blood acetylcholine has been unclear. Now, researchers at Karolinska Institutet have discovered that certain T cells in human blood can produce acetylcholine, which may help regulate blood pressure and inflammation. The study, which is published in PNAS, also demonstrates a possible association between these immune cells in seriously ill patients and the risk of death.
	Researchers tackle parasitic worms that infect millions worldwide A new study published in the journal Immunity, by researchers at Trinity College and the University of Manchester has cast new light on how our immune system deals with parasitic worm infection.
	Rodents seem to make the same logical errors humans do Animals, like humans, appear to be troubled by a Linda problem.
	A 20-year study may upend long-held theory about chromosomes and cancer Johns Hopkins Medicine scientists say their 20-year study of more than 200 people with premature aging syndromes caused by abnormally short telomeres, or shortened repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes, may upend long-held scientific dogma and settle conflicting studies about how and whether short telomeres contribute to cancer risk.
	New drug delivery method harnesses clotting to target tumors University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers have developed a new method for targeting tumors with cancer drugs by exploiting the clotting propensity of blood platelets.
	Boosting the body's anti-viral immune response may eliminate aging cells Aging (senescent) cells, which stop dividing but don't die, can accumulate in the body over the years and fuel chronic inflammation that contributes to conditions such as cancer and degenerative disorders.
	Using bone marrow precursor cells instead of transplantation to regenerate bone Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue after blood, with about two million bone transplants performed worldwide each year—but often with only moderate therapeutic success. Cell-based therapies could provide an alternative approach to transplantation.
	Study finds 'important shortcomings' in official cancer drug information Important information about cancer drug benefits, and related uncertainties, is frequently omitted from official prescription drug information sources for clinicians and patients in Europe, finds an analysis published by The BMJ today.
	Study finds babies' gut microbiome not influenced by mothers' vaginal microbiome composition It has been a longstanding assumption that birth mode and associated exposure of newborns to their mothers' vaginal microbiome during delivery greatly affects the development of babies' gut microbiome.
	Exercise may reduce negative effects of unhealthy sleep duration on longevity Sleeping too little or too long is linked with a shorter life, but scientists have found that physical activity counteracts some of these negative effects. The research in more than 90,000 adults is published today in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
	The next generation of the opioid epidemic: Youth polysubstance users It's a new year, and once again, the opioid epidemic continues to hold a tight grasp on millions of Americans. At the end of last year, the United States reached a major milestone of over one million overdose deaths since the year 2000. And while public health efforts to combat this epidemic have been largely focused on adult opioid use, there is a population of substance users that are commonly overlooked: youth stimulant users.
	Children with high blood pressure often become adults with high blood pressure High blood pressure in children is not uncommon, and research shows it may lead to high blood pressure in adulthood, as well as problems with the heart, blood vessels and kidneys, according to a new scientific statement from the American Heart Association published today in the Association's Hypertension journal. An American Heart Association scientific statement is an expert analysis of current research and may inform future guidelines.
	Scientists discover brain region linking short-term to long-term memory We have a pretty good idea of where memory starts and ends—short-term memories form in the hippocampus and, if the situation calls for it, stabilize into long-term memories in the cortex. But what happens along the winding path between short-term to long-term memory is a mystery.
	A promising outlook: CAR T cell therapy improves patient quality of life Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has transformed cancer treatment, yet relatively few studies have investigated the impact of the therapy on longitudinal patient quality of life—an aspect of care that often suffers from receiving traditional intensive cancer medications, such as chemotherapy. A new study published in Blood Advances demonstrates that some effective cancer treatments do improve quality of life, revealing that patients with blood cancers experienced a significant improvement in their reported well-being six months after receiving CAR T-cell therapy.
	Anti-smoking campaigns should target misconceptions, study shows Tobacco control initiatives should consider focusing on dispelling false beliefs, such as smoking elevates moods, reduces stress and provides comfort, a new study has found.
	Study explores the experiences of girls who play on mixed sports teams Young people who compete in sports are often organized into single-sex teams that compete separately. But what happens when youth have the opportunity to compete together?
	A bright spot in the treatment of lateral disk meniscus injuries for youth Tearing their meniscus—a crescent-shaped piece of a soft cushion of cartilage located between the femur and tibia—can be devastating for young athletes. It is easily damaged in people with congenital lateral discoid meniscus or those that are physically active and once damaged, the meniscus cannot repair itself. The most common method has been to remove the damaged portion of the meniscus, but in recent years meniscus-sparing surgeries, that suture the margins of the meniscus at the tear, have begun to spread.
	Surgery proves effective alternative to chemotherapy and radiation for early metastatic testicular cancer A newly published study paves the way for some patients with testicular cancer to avoid chemotherapy and radiation.
	First-of-its-kind stem cell study sheds light on Klinefelter syndrome In a research partnership between King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (KAU), and King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah (KAUH), scientists have conducted a first-of-its-kind study in the Kingdom that compares stem cells derived from a unique cohort of Saudi Klinefelter patients with a group of North American and European descent.
	New IVF method: More expensive, not more effective The use of time-lapse monitoring in IVF does not result in more pregnancies or shorten the time it takes to get pregnant. This new method, which promises to "identify the most viable embryos," is more expensive than the classic approach. Research from Amsterdam UMC, published today in The Lancet, shows that time-lapse monitoring does not improve clinical results.
	A progress check on hospital price transparency For decades, U.S. hospitals have generally stonewalled patients who wanted to know ahead of time how much their care would cost. Now that's changing—but there's a vigorous debate over what hospitals are disclosing.
	Consumer Health: What do you know about cornea transplantation? A cornea transplant, or keratoplasty, is an operation to replace part of the cornea with corneal tissue from a donor. The cornea is the transparent, dome-shaped surface of the eye. Light enters the eye through the cornea.
	Report finds big rise in U.S. carbon monoxide deaths A new report from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) reveals deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning are increasing in the United States.
	Explaining cardiovascular risk disparities among young people with type 1 diabetes Black and Hispanic children with Type 1 diabetes are more likely than their white peers to develop stiffened arteries—a precursor to heart disease and stroke—during the first decade of their diabetes diagnosis, new research finds.
	Cross-sectional study finds systematic reviews are important for justifying new randomized clinical trials Systematic reviews can help to justify a new randomized clinical trial (RCT), inform its design and interpret its results in the context of prior evidence. Therefore, the citation of systematic reviews in RCT reports have been promoted in the past two decades. However, it remains unclear whether such efforts have paid off.
	Preventing sleep-related infant deaths Sleep-related infant deaths are reported as one of the leading causes of non-natural infant deaths in the country. An expert with Baylor College of Medicine explains how to ensure infant sleep safety and why their safety may be compromised.
	Young and active? New Zealand study finds big differences in physical activity among 18 to 24-year-olds Fewer than 40% of young Kiwi adults (18- to 24-year-olds) are meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for physical activity, a new study has found.
	Reducing the appeal of smoking: Study confirms tobacco warnings on packages need improvement Smoking has been glamorized to consumers for decades, but the packaging of combustible tobacco products have been the central target in a global effort to get more people to not smoke. From colorful pictures to specific wording, what is seen on the surface packaging of these products has long served as the main component in advertising for tobacco companies. In an effort to implement warning labels to help communicate health risks to both current and potential consumers, one study confirms that effective warnings can increase knowledge of the grim realities of tobacco use and awareness of its risks.
	Social and medical factors may explain cognitive impact of delayed craniosynostosis surgery For infants with the skull deformity craniosynostosis, head reshaping surgery after age 12 months has long been linked to impaired cognitive and language development. Now a new study suggests that the difference in developmental outcomes may reflect a range of other patient characteristics and clinical factors affecting age at surgery, reports the April issue of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
	Higher body mass index linked to longer healing time after breast reduction surgery For patients undergoing breast reduction surgery (reduction mammaplasty), higher body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for delayed wound healing, reports a study in the April issue of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
	Breast cancer screenings of at-risk women dropped after revised mammography guidelines issued in 2009: Study In 2009, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force changed its mammography screening guidelines to recommend that routine breast cancer screening start at age 50 rather than age 40, recommending an individualized approach for women ages 40-49. The group cited insufficient evidence for screening women ages 75 and older.
	STI and HIV screening decreased while positive test results increased during COVID-19: Study New research from Boston Medical Center found that sexually transmitted infection (STI) and HIV testing declined at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, while there was an increase in positive test rates. Published in AIDS Patient Care and STDs, the study aimed to understand how the pandemic affected infection screening in safety-net settings given rising STI and HIV cases and the significant and inequitable impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on already marginalized populations.
	The future of IgE-mediated allergy research and treatments In her laboratory, Cecilia Berin, Ph.D., the Bunning Professor of Food Allergy Research, studies the immune basis of allergy and tolerance to foods.
	Expert discusses FDA approval of OTC naloxone The Food and Drug Administration has approved a recommendation that naloxone, the opioid overdose reversal drug commonly known as Narcan, be made available over the counter without a prescription.
	New research finds 40% of people over 50 don't report hearing loss A study has found that nearly 40% of those who recognized they had hearing loss did not inform a doctor or nurse. However, this can lead to social isolation, depression, and reduced quality of life, with untreated hearing loss linked to an increased risk of dementia, falls, and other health issues.
	Bacterial agent opens new therapeutic options for Wilson's disease A specific molecule excreted by methane-oxidizing bacteria could be most suitable for therapy against Wilson's disease (WD). This is what researchers led by Helmholtz Munich scientist Hans Zischka have found in a new study. In a WD rat model, the molecule called ARBM101 lowered copper in the liver to normal physiological levels within a week—much more efficiently than current drugs in clinical practice. The research results have now been published in the journal Gastroenterology.
	A handful of blueberries a day could help improve brain function, lower blood pressure New research from King's Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine has found that eating a handful of wild blueberries daily has health benefits, including lowered blood pressure, faster reaction time, and improved memory and brain cognition.
	Video: Three things to know when using Narcan during an opioid overdose The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Narcan, 4 milligram (mg) nasal spray for over-the-counter sale. Narcan is a nasal spray version of naloxone, a rescue medicine that can be administered in the event of an opioid drug overdose. The FDA approval will pave the way for the medication to be sold in grocery stores, convenience stores, vending machines and other retail locations without a prescription.
	New approach to nail bed injury surgery could significantly cut NHS costs Nail bed injuries in children are very common. The subject of an information campaign by BAPRAS (British Association of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons) in 2017 to prevent injury, they are generally caused by a child crushing their fingertip in a closing door. In many cases surgery is performed to repair the underlying nail bed tear. Over 10,000 operations are performed in the UK alone each year.
	Why children misbehave when they are tired Being tired is a feeling we often experience. When we do certain activities—physical or mental—over a period of time, or even after experiencing intense emotional states, we feel tired, perhaps even exhausted.
	These neurons are the reason you yawn when you see others do it Have you ever wondered why when we see someone yawn, we yawn almost immediately? Or how newborns imitate facial gestures like sticking out their tongue? And what about how we learn to use scissors or to color?
	Long COVID puts some people at higher risk of heart disease. They need better long-term monitoring, says researcher Lasting damage to the heart and brain is an aspect of long COVID that should receive much more attention than it has so far. We have sufficient evidence now to call for ongoing monitoring of individuals across the population.
	How eating a local diet can help Indonesians live healthier and more sustainable lives Indonesians are consuming more and more processed foods, including sugary drinks, salty snacks, junk food, and unhealthy fats.
	Study finds patients not screened carefully enough for food insecurity during pandemic As jobless rates rose during the COVID-19 pandemic, millions more Americans experienced food insecurity because they lacked consistent access to food. National health organizations recommend primary care providers screen patients for food insecurity, since not having access to enough food can lead to chronic diseases.
	Organization publishes official statement on race, ethnicity and pulmonary function test interpretation The American Thoracic Society has issued an official statement for clinicians that explains why race and ethnicity should no longer be considered factors in interpreting the results of spirometry, the most commonly used type of pulmonary function test (PFT). The statement was endorsed by the European Respiratory Society. The full statement is available online in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.
	Monitoring chronic disease burden: Electronic health records can help meet a serious public health challenge The pandemic has highlighted the importance of increasing the flow of information on infectious diseases from electronic health records (EHRs) to public health agencies. Less attention has been paid to the value of EHR data for chronic disease surveillance.
	Children born preterm are more likely to have asthma or COPD in adulthood, shows large study Breathing problems are among the most common problems that babies born preterm have after birth. A new study of over 2.6 million people from Finland and Norway shows that such problems may extend at least up to middle age. The study found that babies born preterm are more likely to have asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, in adulthood. Asthma and COPD are the most common forms of obstructive airways disease, meaning diseases that cause difficulty in airflow out from the lungs.
	How to achieve a functional cure for chronic hepatitis B More than half of people with chronic hepatitis B have a form of the disease in which the immune system almost never achieves sustained control, despite many years of treatment. According to current knowledge, those affected therefore require lifelong drug therapy.
	Gun injuries in US surged during pandemic, CDC study shows For every American killed by gunfire, an estimated two or more more survive, often with terrible injuries—a fact that public health experts say is crucial to understanding the full impact of guns on society.
	Alcohol increases risk for gun-involved suicide among Americans, finds study A CAMH-led study just published in the journal JAMA Network Open has found that the probability of using a gun as a means of suicide among Americans increases the more alcohol they drink.
	Developing a robot that will help blind children chat with sighted friends A new accessibility-focused robot under development will allow children of mixed visual abilities to have a balanced conversation where everyone participates equally.
	Scientists uncover new mechanisms and therapeutic possibilities for heart failure Greater awareness and advances in treatment have greatly improved survival rates following heart attack. With more survivors, however, has come the challenge of managing long-term impacts on heart function, especially chronic heart failure, in which the heart gradually loses its ability to pump blood.
	Finding the origin of congenital coronary fistulae Scientists of the Department of Animal Biology of the University of Malaga have discovered the cellular mechanism that originates coronary arterio-ventricular fistulae, a congenital anomaly that, in severe cases, may result in death.
	Those who support Black Lives Matter tend to be less hesitant about vaccines, study finds Efforts to encourage vaccination might do well to take advantage of the positive feelings and actions between different social groups, according to a study of attitudes toward vaccines among supporters of the Black Lives Matter movement.
	New study identifies key risk factors for surgical site infection following commonly performed surgery Findings from an analysis of more than 66,000 abdominal hysterectomies performed in New York hospitals reveal key risk factors for surgical site infections (SSIs) following these procedures, including open surgery, obesity, diabetes, gynecological cancer, and age under 45. Published today in the American Journal of Infection Control (AJIC), the data can help inform surgical and clinical decisions to reduce post-operative infections.
	Diagnostic errors in neuroradiology—more time, higher volume, weekend work According to an accepted manuscript published in ARRS' own American Journal of Roentgenology (AJR), diagnostic errors in neuroradiology were associated with longer interpretation times, higher shift volumes, and weekend interpretation.
New Zealand reveals first-ever rabies death New Zealand revealed its first-ever rabies case Thursday, saying the viral disease had killed a patient who caught it abroad but there was no risk to the public.
	Is it a cold or an allergy? That first sneeze and sniffle prompts you to reach for a tissue. The second and third—perhaps fourth and fifth—may send you to the medicine chest for relief. But, is it a cold? Or is it a spring allergy?
	Ongoing study finds history of TBI likely worsens long COVID symptoms In January 2021, Ron Miller's life upended. The then-39-year-old, who described his health at the time as perfectly fine, contracted COVID-19. Two years later, he's unable to work as he still suffers from extreme fatigue and brain fog—a byproduct of his battle with long COVID.
E.Guinea Marburg deaths rise to nine on wider fears The death toll from an outbreak of Marburg virus in Equatorial Guinea has reached nine, the health ministry told AFP on Thursday amid World Health Organization estimates the real toll is double that.
	As 988 crisis line sees more use, states debate how to pay for it Almost everyone agrees that putting money behind the national suicide and crisis hotline is a good thing.
	Ready to run: Tips on choosing the right running shoes Congratulations on setting a goal to run a long-distance race. You've just joined a group of more than 60 million people in the U.S. who participate in organized runs and races. Running doesn't require much gear, but well-fitting, running-specific shoes are a must.
	Remodeling your home for wheelchair access Millions of Americans get around with the help of wheelchairs, from those born with disabilities to those who have been struck with disabilities later in life.
	Limit screen use in children under six, says psychologist "Children who are in regular contact with mobile phone screens, tablets or computers are more irritable and have worse attention, memory and concentration than those who do not use them," a psychologist has warned.
	Don't listen to Gwyneth Paltrow: IVs are not a shortcut to good health Actor and businesswoman Gwyneth Paltrow declared "I love an IV!" recently, calling herself an "early adoptor" of intravenous infusion during a podcast. Both she and the show's host were hooked up to drips during an interview in which they discussed bone broth, skipping meals and infrared saunas.
	Measles has been identified in NSW, Qld and SA: Five things to know about the virus New South Wales health authorities have issued a measles alert after a baby who recently returned from overseas, and subsequently visited several sites in Western Sydney, tested positive to the virus.
	Guidelines published to help improve practice in UK when the state intervenes to safeguard an unborn or newborn baby Guidelines to help improve practice when the state takes action to safeguard an unborn or newborn baby have been finalized and published by Nuffield Family Justice Observatory (Nuffield FJO), following the introduction of a draft version.
	Interview: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? In a recent interview posted on JMIR TV, JMIR Publications' CEO Dr. Gunther Eysenbach speaks with Dr. Andrew Taylor from Yale University School of Medicine about their paper titled "How Does ChatGPT Perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? The Implications of Large Language Models for Medical Education and Knowledge Assessment," published in JMIR Medical Education.
	Moderna to set up $500 mn mRNA vaccine facility in Kenya US biotech company Moderna has finalized an agreement to set up a $500 million mRNA vaccine facility in Nairobi, Kenyan President William Ruto said Thursday.
	Six things to know about multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of the nervous system that affects about 1 million people in the United States. It usually begins between the ages of 20 and 40 and is the most common disabling neurological disorder of young adults.

Other Sciences news

	The untold history of the horse in the American Plains: A new future for the world The continent of North America is where horses first emerged. Millions of years of evolutionary changes transformed the horse before it became the natural companion of many Indigenous Peoples and the flagship symbol of the Southwest. An international team uniting 87 scientists across 66 institutions around the world now begins to refine the history of the American horse. This work, which embeds cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural research between Western and traditional Indigenous science, is published today in the journal Science.
	Australians paying $6 billion for unused apartment parking Experts are calling for planning policy to 'unbundle' parking spaces from apartments to reduce housing costs and alleviate street parking woes.
	Fake news on Facebook increased 2020 election doubts, finds study Facebook users were more likely to read fake news about the 2020 U.S. presidential election than users of Twitter and other social media websites, a Washington State University-led analysis found.
	YouTube 'crypto influencers' shown to have short-term impact on small-cap trading The price and trading volume of lower value crypto coins and tokens are being impacted by "crypto influencers" on YouTube, but only in the very short-term, according to a study involving the Center for Finance, Technology and Society at Nottingham Business School (NBS), part of Nottingham Trent University. The paper is published in the journal Finance Research Letters.
	Airports perform better when owned by private equity funds, study finds New research from the University of Alberta's School of Business shows airports perform better—with improved customer service, fewer cancelations and delays, and more routes—when purchased by private investors.
	Streaming films more diverse than cinematic releases: study Films released by streaming services are more racially representative and more likely to have female leads than those that debut in theaters, a study released Thursday showed.
	Retailer price promotions increase waste awareness, not waste, says study Contrary to what is often assumed, retailer price promotions such as "Buy One, Get One" or quantity discounts in supermarkets do not cause more food to go to waste. In fact, such offers appear to increase consumer awareness of the risk of wasting food, which in turn spurs them on to prevent waste. Supermarkets could encourage such awareness-driven behavior by designing smart campaigns that help prevent waste.
	Filipinas stare through the glass ceiling in STEM fields The Philippines is celebrating March as women's month while citing its achievements in gender equality from increased female educational attainment to political empowerment.
	Interviews with icons yield lessons on productivity in 'Wisdom Years' The Wonder Years can be great, sure: first loves, long summers, panoramic dreams exclusive to those with a lifetime of runway. The Working Years, too: established identity, new family and old friends, freedom to pursue personal goals and professional satisfaction.
	The philosophy of deepfakes: Has the camera always lied? Fake footage is a centuries-old problem that began long before digital technology, according to a Leeds academic.
	Data show there were fewer mass shooting deaths during an earlier 10-year assault weapons prohibition The shooting deaths of three children and three adults inside a Nashville school has put further pressure on Congress to look at imposing a ban on so-called assault weapons. Such a prohibition would be designed cover the types of guns that the suspect legally purchased and used during the March 27, 2023, attack.
	How branding can show people's love for a place and also help to highlight local challenges The I ♥ NY logo was launched in the 1970s when New York City was at its grittiest and most dangerous. Since then graphic designer Milton Glaser's creation has been emblazoned on every kind of souvenir imaginable, not to mention inspiring movies, clothing, graffiti and even food.
	New research reveals COVID lessons for employers to better support working parents With more than a third of UK workers saying they'd quit if their job demanded a full-time return to the office, and working parents facing the third-most expensive childcare system in the world when juggling career with family, research published today by Queen Mary University of London details how flexible working lessons from the pandemic can foster more family-friendly work practices.
	The value of human choice in HR decisions Human resources managers are frequently turning to artificial intelligence to help make employment decisions, leaning on recommendations from algorithms to decide who to interview and who to hire. Traditional interviews can be costly and prior behavioral research suggests humans are poor predictors of performance and fit.
	Trust hardly makes us careless and complacent in crisis situations, says study A new study highlights the importance of mutual trust between citizens and authorities when society is facing a crisis. Moreover, data from the COVID-19 crisis indicates that general trust in our fellow citizens is unlikely to make us less compliant with restrictions.
	Researchers use 21st-century methods to record 2,000 years of ancient graffiti in Egypt Simon Fraser University researchers are learning more about ancient graffiti—and their intriguing comparisons to modern graffiti—as they produce a state-of-the-art 3D recording of the Temple of Isis in Philae, Egypt.
	To protect kids online, researchers call for cross-disciplinary collaboration Children are spending more time in digital environments than ever, yet laws and policies haven't kept pace in protecting them there, writes a team of researchers in a new perspective in the journal Science.
	Cryptomarkets increasingly infuse illicit drug trade, says study Cryptomarkets—marketplaces on the dark web that can facilitate the sale of illicit goods between vendors and buyers—are proving to be attractive alternatives to traditional in-person drug dealing, according to Simon Fraser university researchers, who say machine learning and tracking markets through web crawlers may help curb the growing trend.
	Sex education review: Controversial UK proposals risk failing young people Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has brought forward a planned review into sex education in English schools.
	Three reasons you should never view or share videos showing children being assaulted Australians have been shocked by an incident on the Sunshine Coast this month in which a 13-year-old girl was imprisoned, assaulted and tortured over many hours, allegedly by three girls aged 12, 13 and 14.
	Study: Engaging in civic leadership empowers refugees, immigrants Research led by a University of Cincinnati doctoral student shows that immigrants and refugees who participated in a civic leadership program felt more empowered after learning about their rights, civic entitlements and the social, cultural, and political context of Cincinnati.

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